| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Case Report |
From the * Department of Urology and
Pathology, McGill University Health Center,
Montreal, Canada.
| Correspondence to: Dr Peter Chan, Department of Urology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Center, 687 Pine Ave West, S6.95, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada (e-mail: peter.chan{at}muhc.mcgill.ca). |
| Received for publication January 23, 2004; accepted for publication May 7, 2004. |
Generally, the standard initial treatment for testicular mass, in view of its high likelihood of malignancy, is inguinal orchiectomy. We hereby report 2 cases of testicular mass discovered during infertility evaluation for azoospermia. In both cases, simultaneous testicular sperm retrieval with microdissection, for future use of assisted reproduction, was performed during orchiectomy. The safety and advantages of this management approach for azoospermic patients with incidentally discovered testicular mass are discussed.
Case Reports
Case 1—
A 32-year-old male, who had a previous history of bilateral undescended
testes and had undergone bilateral orchiopexy at the age of 6 years, presented
with primary infertility. He was otherwise healthy. His current partner was a
healthy 29-year-old woman. His clinical examination was unremarkable apart
from a palpable left testicular mass. He was found to be azoospermic on 2
complete semen analyses performed 2 months apart. Serum follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) was 13.7 IU/L, luteinizing hormone 13 IU/L (0.9–14.8
IU/L), and serum testosterone 17 nmol/L (10.0–38.5 nmol/L). Genetic
evaluations, including a Y-chromosome microdeletion analysis and karyotype,
were normal.
Testicular sonogram confirmed a left intratesticular mass of 3.5 x
2.5 cm. Serum tumor markers, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), beta human
chorionic gonadotrophins (ß-HCG), and alpha fetoprotein (
-FP) were
within the normal reference ranges. Additional imaging studies included a
normal CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis and a normal chest film.
A left inguinal orchiectomy was planned for the patient. Because the couple was interested in assisted reproduction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in the future, a decision was made to retrieve sperm from the ipsilateral testicle with microdissection technique (Schlegel, 1999) for sperm cryopreservation. Intraoperatively, an inguinal incision was made to mobilize and to clamp the left spermatic cord. The testicle was delivered and removed. The tunica albuginea was opened microscopically, a well-defined solid heterogeneous brown rubbery lesion measuring 3.4 x 2.5 x 2.4 cm was noted. Multiple microsurgical sampling of the seminiferous tubules was obtained. A few nonmotile sperm were noted in one of the samples. The seminiferous tubules were processed for sperm cryopreservation.
The final pathological evaluation revealed a Leydig cell tumor. There were less than 5 mitotic figures per highpower field, with minimal cellular atypia, no necrosis (Figure 1a and b), no vascular invasion and no marginal infiltration, consistent with a nonmalignant Leydig cell tumor. The seminiferous tubules demonstrated germ cell aplasia/Sertoli cell only morphology, with focal spermatogenesis.
|
The postoperative course was uneventful. In the short-term follow-up of 1 year, there was no clinical or biochemical evidence of recurrence. Subsequently, the couple underwent assisted reproduction with ICSI. Six oocytes were obtained from the female partner. Only 2 motile sperm were subsequently found in the thawed testicular sperm extraction (TESE) sample for ICSI. Four oocytes were injected with freshly retrieved sperm from the contralateral testis. A total of 4 good-quality embryos were obtained (including 1 fertilized by a cryopreserved sperm). Two embryos were transferred to achieve a clinical pregnancy and 2 remaining embryos were cryopreserved.
Case 2— A healthy 28-year-old male and his 28-year-old healthy wife presented with a 3-year history of primary infertility. Clinical examination was remarkable only for a hypotrophic left testis and bilateral varicoceles. He was found to be azoospermic on 2 complete semen analyses performed 2 months apart. Serum FSH was 13.7 IU/L, luteinizing hormone 7.5 IU/L, and serum testosterone 17 nmol/L. Genetic evaluations, including a Y-chromosome microdeletion analysis and karyotype, were normal. On testicular sonogram, in addition to bilateral varicoceles, a lobulated hypoechoic lesion (Figure 2) measuring 1 cm x 1.6 cm was found incidentally on the superior aspect of the left testis. The lesion did not appear to be hypervascular. In addition, there were small microcalcifications in the left testis parenchyma.
|
A presumptive diagnosis of testicular cancer was made. Serum tumor markers were within normal reference range. Additional imaging studies included a normal CT scan of his abdomen and pelvis and a normal chest film.
A left inguinal orchiectomy was planned for the patient. Because the couple was interested in assisted reproduction with ICSI in the future, a decision was made to retrieve sperm from the left testicle with microdissection technique for sperm cryopreservation. Intraoperatively, an inguinal incision was made to mobilize and to clamp the left spermatic cord. The testicle was delivered immediately, isolated, and covered with a sheet of latex and cooled with ice slush. The tunica albuginea was opened microscopically, a firm, white lobulated nodule, with a waxy texture, of 1.8 x 0.9 x 0.8 cm was found within the superior pole of the testicular parenchyma. The mass was removed in toto for pathology frozen section, which revealed fibrotic hyalinized scar with no sign of malignancy. Multiple microsurgical sampling of the seminiferous tubules was obtained. No sperm were found in the tubules. In view of the unusual calcification-like texture of the intratesticular mass and the absence of viable cells on frozen section, a decision was made to perform a partial orchiectomy of the superior part of the left testis (the patient has consented for such an option preoperatively) where the mass was found. The total warm ischemic time was 10 minutes and cold ischemic time 45 minutes.
The postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up scrotal ultrasound at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively confirmed positive vascular flow in both testes. Final histological evaluation of the mass confirmed the absence of viable cells. The seminiferous tubules revealed Sertoli cell-only pattern (Figure 3) with nodular Leydig cell hyperplasia.
|
Discussion
Testicular tumors show an increased incidence among men with infertility.
In addition to the ones that were discovered on a thorough clinical
examination of the testis, they can be found incidentally on scrotal
sonographic examination or other imaging modalities.
Although seminoma is among the most commonly discovered testicular malignant tumor in infertile men (Nobert and Goldstein, 2001), recent literature suggests that many of these incidentally discovered tumors may be of a benign nature. Some investigators advocated conservative management with regular sonographic surveillance when dealing with these incidentally discovered testicular tumors (Tanguay, 2003).
In view of the high likelihood of malignancy in testicular mass, inguinal orchiectomy remains the standard management for testicular mass. In the 2 cases we hereby presented, intraoperative sperm retrieval with testicular microdissection for sperm extraction was performed simultaneously. There are several advantages of this approach in the management of azoospermic cases. First, healthy seminiferous tubules, with active spermatogenesis, may often be found around the testicular mass. Retrieval of these sperm allows the opportunity for assisted reproduction with ICSI, whether used freshly or cryopreserved for future use. Because these sperm will otherwise be wasted in the pathology specimen, their harvesting is a reasonable alternative, especially in azoospermic cases where sperm banking from ejaculate is not feasible. Conversely, if the patient can produce ejaculated sperm for banking, this management approach will not be necessary.
Second, when performing testicular sperm retrieval under cold-ischemic condition, with the testis delivered outside the scrotum through the inguinal incision and the spermatic cord clamped for temporary vascular occlusion, the testicular mass can be further evaluated with excision and frozen section, as in the second case presented. The reason for using this approach in the second case was that the various clinical features (hypovascularity, nonpalpability, lobulated shape) of the small scrotal lesion were not typical for testicular malignancy. Although it was impossible to confidently rule out malignancy, the finding on the intraoperative frozen section of the lack of cellular structure made it unlikely to be a malignancy. Hence, a decision was made to perform only a partial orchiectomy. Obviously, we have considered the possibility that the final pathology may indicate the presence of malignancy. Thus, these risks and the various options must be clearly discussed with the patients and well-documented prior to performing the surgery, as we did in this case.
Several issues of concomitant testicular sperm retrieval during orchiectomy for testicular mass should be addressed. Because the tunica albuginea is to be opened to access the seminiferous tubules, the pathologist should be properly informed when staging the lesion. When in doubt, the presence of the pathologist may be necessary when opening the tunica.
If the lesion turns out to be malignant, clinicians may wonder about risks of transferring malignancy when using the retrieved sperm for assisted reproduction. We believe such a risk is minimal. It should be noted that, with the use of microdissection, only individual seminiferous tubules are retrieved (Schlegel, 1999). This is in contrast with traditional TESE when pieces of testis parenchyma are removed for processing. Thus, the risk of transferring a mass of malignant tissue is greatly reduced with the former technique. In addition, during processing of the seminiferous tubules, only a single viable sperm is isolated for each oocyte by ICSI procedure. The residual parenchymal cells are not used. These practices minimize the risk of malignant cell contamination during ICSI. Further studies with longer follow-ups both on the health of the men and in the outcomes of the ICSI offspring, however, are required to fully establish the safety of this approach.
Thus, for men presenting with infertility with incidental finding of testicular mass, we suggest that intraoperative sperm retrieval during orchiectomy should be offered to men who are not able to produce sperm for banking, who are interested in fertility with assisted reproduction (either presently or in the future), who are likely to have healthy residual testis parenchyma for sperm retrieval (such as those with small lesion or nonpalpable lesion discovered by imaging studies, as opposed to those with a testicular mass that has occupied the entire testis, as in most malignant cases). In men in whom the testicular mass is likely to be malignant (based on rate of growth, size of the mass, imaging findings, serum marker levels), radical orchiectomy should be performed. If intraoperative sperm retrieval is to be attempted, we suggest performing it ex vivo after the testis is resected to avoid tumor cell spillage, as we did in case 1.
Conclusions
We presented 2 azoospermic cases with incidental findings of testicular
mass during infertility work-up. Intraoperative testicular sperm retrieval for
assisted reproduction was performed during orchiectomy. This approach, in
selected cases, is safe and allows for the opportunity to preserve residual
spermatozoa, particularly in men who are not able to ejaculate sperm for
banking, for current or future use of
reproduction.
Footnotes
? Supported by grant (HGG-62294) from the Canadian Institute of Health
Research. 
References
Honig SC, Lipshultz LI, Jarow J. Significant medical pathology uncovered by a comprehensive male infertility evaluation. Fertil Steril. 1994;62: 1028 -1034.[Medline]
Nobert C, Goldstein M. Increased incidence of testicular cancer in men with infertility and abnormal semen analysis. Fertil Steril. 2001;76: S50 .
Schlegel PN. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves
sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod. 1999; 14(1): 131
-135.
Tanguay S. The unsuspected nonpalpable testicular mass detected by ultrasound: a management problem. Can J Urol. 2003; 10: 1767 .[Medline]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
